Understanding the Epilepsy Surgery Journey - Dr. Ricardo Morcos, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, UK
Did you know that epilepsy surgery can offer seizure freedom for many people with drug-resistant epilepsy?! Today we hear from Dr. Ricardo Morcos from UCLH, who explains how the surgery pathway empowers patients & clinicians alike. See the epilepsy surgery journey/pathway in the picture below!
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Epilepsy Surgery Tube Map
Episode Highlights
Discover the epilepsy surgery pathway, from first clinic visit to surgery or advanced therapy.
Learn how multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) identify epileptogenic zones while protecting vital brain functions.
Explore the role of MRI, video-EEG, neuropsychology & intracranial EEG in tailoring safe, effective care.
Understand how shared decision-making & empowerment help people with the epilepsies achieve better outcomes.
About Dr. Ricardo Morcos
Ricardo is an Adult Neurologist specialising in complex epilepsies, based at the Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery in Queen’s Square, London, UK. His training has been shaped by diverse medical perspectives, having studied and worked in Argentina, Germany, Spain, and the UK. He has a strong interest in epilepsy surgery, SEEG, and neuromodulation, plus the social and economic impacts of the epilepsies. One of his goals is to make the often complex surgical world clearer and to empower people with an epilepsy to navigate it with confidence and hope.
Full profile: ricardo-morcos
Organisations mentioned:
Epilepsy Society epilepsysociety.org.uk
BrainBuddy brainbuddy.co.uk
Paper references:
“Epilepsy Surgery” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31420415 - Rugg-Gunn F, Miserocchi A, McEvoy A. Epilepsy surgery. Pract Neurol. 2020 Feb;20(1):4-14. doi: 10.1136/pract neurol-2019-002192. Epub 2019 Aug 16. PMID: 31420415.
“The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery, patterns of seizure remission, and relapse: a cohort study“ https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60890-8/fulltext - de Tisi J, Bell GS, Peacock JL, McEvoy AW, Harkness WF, Sander JW, Duncan JS. Lancet. 2011 Oct 15;378(9800):1388-95. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60890-8. PMID: 22000136.
“Reasons for not having epilepsy surgery“ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34558079 - Khoo A, de Tisi J, Mannan S, O'Keeffe AG, Sander JW, Duncan JS. Epilepsia. 2021 Dec;62(12):2909-2919. doi: 10.1111/epi.17083. Epub 2021 Sep 23. PMID: 34558079.
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Trailer
00:00 Ricardo Morcos
“So we always have to think about the two things: the epileptogenic zone and all the important areas of your brain that are very close to it. So we have to protect one and try to remove the other one.”
Intro
00:12 Torie Robinson
Welcome back to Epilepsy Sparks Insights! Today I am thrilled to be joined again by Dr. Ricardo Morcos from UCL.
If you’ve ever wondered why the epilepsy surgery pathway exists or what it really means, this episode is for you. Around 20–30% of people with an epilepsy don’t respond well to anti-seizure medications - so what next? Well, Ricardo walks us through the whole journey:
How and why people are referred for advanced therapies like surgery;
The “stations” on the pathway: clinic visits, MRIs, video telemetry, neuropsychology, MDT meetings, and more;
What the famous “tube map” is and how it helps patients & clinicians navigate the system;
Common fears and myths about epilepsy surgery;
Other treatment options, including neuromodulation and clinical trials
Whether you’re a person with epilepsy, a family member, or a clinician, this episode will help you feel informed, empowered, and less overwhelmed by the process.
Why Talk About the Epilepsy Surgery Pathway?
01:08 Torie Robinson
So why does the epilepsy surgery pathway exist? And what does it even mean?01:13 Ricardo Morcos
Well, we know that approximately 20 to 30% of epilepsies in general don't respond well to the anti-seizure medications, to the pills. So, for all those patients we need to find a better solution to treat epilepsy and improve seizure control and quality of life.01:31 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.01:31 Ricardo Morcos
And you know that… I think we discussed it in our previous podcast about Cenobamate - usually, after two anti-seizure medications (if we try it and it's the appropriate anti-seizure medication for that type of epilepsy) the chances of being seizure-free after those second or third trials are very low, like, less than 5%. The only different drug was Cenobamate that gives you up to 20% of seizure freedom. But in general, if we have tried all the anti-seizure…or a couple of anti-seizure medications and Cenobamate, and the best option forward will be advanced therapies - and the main one is surgery. So, this is why there is a complex and long pathway to assess patients and to know if they are suitable for surgery or any other therapy.What the Pathway Means for People with the Epilepsies
02:37 Torie Robinson
And I guess it's called a pathway then because you have to go through several almost what might feel like roadblocks, but no, that's not the fair term, but different clinicians that you see to check “Okay, are you the right person to have this type of surgery? If not, what is the next step?” and things like that.02:43 Ricardo Morcos
Exactly. It's like a teamwork, it's multidisciplinary, it has multiple steps. Not every person that's [on] the same pathway goes through the same route.02:53 Torie Robinson
Mmm.
02:53 Ricardo Morcos
Some of them are faster because not every epilepsy is the same! And so it's a very personalised pathway, although there are four big routes that we are going to explain.
03:04 Torie Robinson
Yeah!
Ricardo Morcos’ Tube Map – Making Sense of a Complex Journey
03:04 Ricardo Morcos
We have to try to explain this in a simple way.
03:09 Ricardo Morcos
And like the tube! You know, the tube is sometimes chaotic(!)03:14 Torie Robinson
Yeah!03:18 Ricardo Morcos
…but when you look into the map, you say “Okay”, you make sense of it, and you know where you are, and you know what is next, and what are the possible options for you. So, this was the idea of making a map to explain the epilepsy surgery pathway.
03:29 Torie Robinson
And it's so cool, everybody, you must check out Ricardo's tube map. It's just… honestly, it's great. Thankfully, it's simpler than the actual tube map, but it's very, very clear what you do or what you might potentially do. And it's also really good for clinicians who aren't familiar…03:45 Ricardo Morcos
Exactly.03:45 Torie Robinson
…with the process. So…because that's something I think which often holds people back.
Why Epilepsy Surgery Is Still Rarely Discussed
03:49 The average waiting time for epilepsy surgery, at least used to be about 20 years. I mean, I was, I think mine was 21 years/22 years - that I had to wait - and that's nuts - and a huge part of that is because many clinicians don't know about it or they're too scared to even bring it up.
04:07 Ricardo Morcos
The average of 20 years is from epilepsy onset to the surgery from the date of surgery. During that period, many things can happen. But we know that patients… many are very good candidates for surgeries, are not referred, or don't even know that a surgery is an option, or they consider it as the last resort, while surgery is a well-established treatment for epilepsy, and we have a lot of experience on it. There are also many social determinants of health, like people that live in more deprived socioeconomical areas are usually less referred to surgery or less represented in the surgical cohort.04:52 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.
04:52 Ricardo Morcos
So this is important also, and this is something that we have to consider. And, yes, as we said; like, the empowerment of the people; like people knowing that this is an option and what can you expect from it is a powerful tool to improve accessibility and to make the pathway faster, let's say even more effective, and don't get lost in the complexity of it!
The First Step – The Epilepsy Clinic Appointment
05:19 Torie Robinson
So tell us about the actual pathway then. What is the process? Can you walk us through that please?
05:24 Ricardo Morcos
So there is, like, a common pathway, where like the common line is the black line, it’s (for Londoners)...
05:31 Torie Robinson
What, the Northern Line?!
05:32 Ricardo Morcos
Yeah, it's like the Northern line ([it] is my favorite line in London! I might be biased!) - but yes, this is the common thing that we are all going… like, every patient should go through the same stations, let's say at the beginning.
05:46 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.
Advanced MRI & Why Expert Review Matters
05:46 Ricardo Morcos
It all starts at the epilepsy clinic appointment, the first appointment, where we go through the history, the details of every seizure, and all the anti-seizure medications that patients have tried. After that, we will officially start the pathway, the pre-surgical pathway, after discussion with the patient. And it always goes through, like, [the] next station will be always an MRI, a very advanced MRI. You may have had an MRI in the past, but usually we do a very specific, like 3-Tesla, high-resolution MRI. And then it has to be read by a specialised neuroradiologist. So it's often the case that we find patients with no normal MRI or no lesion on the MRI, and then we look again into it, and we find something. Up to 80% of the patients have some abnormality on the MRI if they're seen by an expert…06:43 Torie Robinson
Wow.
06:43 Ricardo Morcos
…and this is a very important prognosis factor for surgery. So this is a very good thing to have something on the MRI.
Video Telemetry (VT) – Capturing Seizures Safely
06:49 Ricardo Morcos
And the next thing we do is an admission to a VT, to a video telemetry unit.06:56 Torie Robinson
Mmm.06:56 Ricardo Morcos
There are a few of them in the UK and in many countries. Like, usually they are located in tertiary hospitals, like big university hospitals, where we admit patients for around one week to record seizures, basically. We may need to reduce the anti-seizure medication to capture seizures, depending on the depending on the seizure frequency. We don't want big seizures, we want to record small seizures just to try to localise where all these seizures start from. So we do an EEG and a video recording of all these seizures.07:30 Torie Robinson
Mmm.
Neuropsychology, Psychiatry & Assessing the Whole Person
07:30 Ricardo Morcos
And in the middle, it's also, like, really important to have a neuropsychological and a psychiatry… an assessment with a psychiatrist. The neuropsychology will take around one to three hours, and she or he will do a lot of tests to check for… especially for memory and language…
07:49 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.07:49 Ricardo Morcos
…and try to understand, like, what would be the impact of surgery in your specific situation in your life, in your job…
07:55 Torie Robinson
And it can depend upon the type of surgery that you have, right? And also how much tissue is affected by the surgery, and that can affect what the surgeons actually choose to do,08:05 Ricardo Morcos
Exactly. At the beginning of the journey, neuropsychology will assess everything: language, memory (your current state). And then she or he will give us some insight about the impact of a potential surgery, depending on the type of on that specific person.We will also do a functional MRI that is important to localise where your language is, on which side of your brain, if it's left or right - it's usually left - but this will be important to preserve that function then later. So, with all that information, we will arrive to the MDT station that is the equivalent to King's Cross!
The Big Station – MDT (Multidisciplinary Team) Explained
08:48 Torie Robinson
Again, everyone, please look at this. When Ricardo text it to me, I was like “Dude, this is so cool!”.08:56 Ricardo Morcos
So this is a big station, the MDT station. This is the main hub of our pathway, because this is a meeting - MDT means “Multidisciplinary Team” meeting in other countries, they may call it different, like “session” or “meeting”2, but at the end, it's the same: it's where we meet, all the team meets together at the same time.How the MDT Finds the Epileptogenic Zone
09:20 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.09:20 Ricardo Morcos
All the team means: the neurologist, the neurophysiologist, the surgeons, the neuropsychologist, the psychiatrist, the radiologist, nuclear medicine team, and the consultant or the clinician that is responsible for that specific patient. So we all meet there and we discuss, we review all these tests together, the MRI, the EEG, the neuropsychology, and our job is to try to arrive or agree on one hypothesis of where this epilepsy comes from.
09:58 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.
09:58 Ricardo Morcos
This is something important because usually the best candidates for epilepsy surgery are people that are… we thought that they have focal epilepsy - you know, that there are two big types of epilepsy: generalised epilepsy and focal epilepsy - in general, generalised epilepsies are not very good candidate for surgery, although we have to study them because sometimes we think it's generalised and then...
10:19 Torie Robinson
Who knows?!10:19 Ricardo Morcos
...it ends up to be focal but spreading very quickly. So the main objective is to try to localise one area of your brain where the seizure starts. And this is what we call the “epileptogenic zones”. It's the area that we potentially have to remove or treat or lesion to leave the patient seizure free to reduce the burden of seizures. This is one of our main tasks, but the second one is to protect other important critical areas of the brain. There brain areas that are responsible for language, for memory, so we always have to think about the two things: the epileptogenic zone and all the important areas of your brain that are very close to it. So we have to protect one and try to remove the other one.Balancing Seizure Control, Memory, Language & Mood
11:06 Torie Robinson
And also areas responsible for mood as well, right? It's not just about cognition and intellect, for instance, but also about the mood of the person afterwards. So I think you have to look at… is that not true that with the neuropsychologist, they will look at the person's mental health history as well, and then what could be the potential impact of the surgery. short and long term?11:30 Ricardo Morcos
And this is one of the main tasks of the psychiatrists. Although the psychologists also take a look at it, the psychiatrists will tell us the risk. We'll assess first the previous history of psychiatric disease, mood disorders, mood problems, or other kinds of things. It's usually anxiety or depression (the most common part of the epilepsy) - in fact, we used to call it comorbidities but now we know that it's a morbidity - part of the epilepsy spectrum! And yes, we take that into account. Also, vision, potentially vision problems that may come if we remove one part of the brain. Yes, these are the things that we take into account. And then with all that information…12:13 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.
12:13 Ricardo Morcos
…we make one out of four decisions: so you can, from the MDT station, you can take four possible routes, ha! Those are the different colours in the map. So one of the situations is when after we review all the tests, we feel that we don’t have enough information to make a decision right now, and this is when we go to the blue line, hehe, let’s say…
12:36 Torie Robinson
Haha! Piccadilly! Yeah!
12:36 Ricardo Morcos
Piccadilly Line, here in London, haha, that is when we need more information to make a decision, and the outcome of the MDT will be for further investigation. That means, sometimes we need to repeat some of the tests, you know, do another MRI, sometimes we do a PET scan…
12:52 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.PET & SPECT Scans – Seeing the Brain in Action
12:52 Ricardo Morcos
…which is basically a nuclear medicine test where we inject sugar, radioactive sugar, to see where it goes into the brain and see how active is every area of the brain. Usually, where we see the seizure onset, the epileptogenic zone, let's say, is usually hypoactive. So they, in a normal, interictal state, they eat less sugar, haha…
13:16 Torie Robinson
Haha!
13:16 Ricardo Morcos
…in that area of the brain.
13:17 Torie Robinson
They “consume” less. Yeah, no, that would make sense. They need the energy for the seizures, right!
13:22 Ricardo Morcos
They need energy for then, for to discharge during the seizure. We can also do a SPECT. SPECT is a bit more advanced test where we will admit the patient to videotelemetry [unit] again for an injection of again a nuclear radioactive tracer that we inject during the seizure and it will stay there in the brain and then we do a scan in the next few hours and we follow the blood flow - because we know that during seizures you need more energy, you need more blood in that area of the brain - so we use that information to localise the seizure onset (where the seizure starts in your brain). And then with all this new information, you loop back to the MDT. So you will have another MDT discussion after that. And we will see if, with that new information, you can have another outcome. This is important because many people get lost in that loop. So we sometimes ask for new information, and it takes a lot of time to get the new test, sometimes people get better in the meantime, so, yes, it is important to know. Then the other very good scenario is when we say “OK, we have enough information, everything is concordant, this person can go straight to surgery.”. And this is a very good outcome also for the patient. And then you will have a meeting with the surgeons and with your consultant or attending physicians, and you will discuss specifically which type of surgery we think is best for you and the potential odds for seizure freedom. That has to be individualised.Balancing Risks, Benefits & Shared Decisions
14:52 Torie Robinson
Versus the potential impact of having the surgery as well. So the impact can be seizure freedom, but it can also sometimes not always, but sometimes have some negative or detrimental impacts on other things.15:06 Ricardo Morcos
We have to always make sure that the risk-benefit of doing surgery is balanced towards the benefits. And of course, it's a shared decision. So we discuss with the patient: what are they willing to risk, what are…15:22 Torie Robinson
Mm.15:22 Ricardo Morcos
…the risks that they can accept, and at the end, this is a shared decision. And patient has a lot of power and opinion on that.
15:31 Torie Robinson
But needs to be an educated decision. I think sometimes people can be very scared of surgery, like “Argh, you’re going to chop my brain up!”, whereas it's an extremely safe thing to do - or we wouldn't do it so often. And also we need to be looking, I think sometimes we, patients, people with an epilepsy, and even sometimes carers, don't actually realise the risks of having seizures.15:52 Ricardo Morcos
Exactly.15:53 Torie Robinson
And things like not solely injury, but physical injury, but psychiatric injury and also SUDEP. And of course the detriment to your brain every time you seize. People don't really talk about it, but seizures do cause injury to the brain.
16:10 Ricardo Morcos
And SUDEP is highly prevalent in this population of drug-resistant patients. Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, the SUDEP risk is up to 10 times higher than the rest of the population…16:24 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.16:24 Ricardo Morcos
…with epilepsy. So this is a serious topic here in this group of patients.
Intracranial EEG – Recording from Inside the Brain
16:31 Ricardo Morcos
Yeah, another potential option for the MDT outcome, for the MDT will be for intracranial EEG. That means that…
16:40 Torie Robinson
Yeah!16:40 Ricardo Morcos
…we need more like invasive investigation to understand where the seizure comes from. That means that we will place very thin electrodes into your brain for a very short time, usually it's one or two weeks,
16:54 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.16:54 Ricardo Morcos
…to record seizures directly from inside the brain. So we can localise specifically where the seizure comes from. It's a very advanced technique. It’s a powerful tool, and it…
17:05 Torie Robinson
Slick!17:05 Ricardo Morcos
…helps us also to understand the network, the epilepsy - the “seizure network”, more precisely - and to protect some other important areas that are close to that network. Sometimes we do an intracranial because we don't have any lesion on the MRI and we need to be more precise about where is this epileptogenic zone…
17:26 Torie Robinson
Mmm. Hmm.
17:26 Ricardo Morcos
…and sometimes we do have a lesion, so we know potentially where this issue comes from, because the EEG comes from there, and everything is concordant, but there is something important, very close to that area. For instance, language. We know that language is very close to that area, so we have to make sure that we protect it during the surgery. So sometimes we need to do this next step that is intracranial EEG…17:49 Torie Robinson
Yeah.
17:49 Ricardo Morcos
…or SEEG (this is another name). In the past, we used to do lot of subdural grids, but usually, most of the centres, we are not doing it anymore. We do intracranial electrodes, depth electrodes as we mentioned.
Pain, Safety, Bleeding Risk & Precision Planning
18:03 Torie Robinson
And worth saying, I think, with intracranial EEGs, of course, there can be some pain from going into the skull, but the brain feels no pain, right?18:10 Ricardo Morcos
No. Exactly.18:11 Torie Robinson
So yeah, when you plonk something in there, even if it was a massive thing, which obviously won't be ([it’s] tiny, tiny little electrodes you put in there), there is no pain from that itself.
18:20 Ricardo Morcos
No, the main risk of doing an intracranial is, of course, it's usually around 2-3% in general of complications. The most common one could be infection, of course, because we are inserting,...18:31 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.
18:31 Ricardo Morcos
…but we take a lot of precautions. And the second (and that [the former] is around 2-3% of the cases), and less than 1%, around 1%, we can have bleeding - that's why we map all the blood vessels before doing an intracranial, and we have 3D images of your brain, and we try to avoid blood vessels. But symptomatic bleeding could happen [in] up to 1% of the cases. And any serious things like stroke or anything is rare, like less than 1% of the patients can have something like that. So it's a safe procedure. And after the intracranial, we have a lot of information. And we do a new kind of MDT. And we decide; usually, around 60-70% of the people, we can recommend surgery afterwards.
What to Expect After Surgery – Realistic Outcomes
19:15 Torie Robinson
So what are often the type of results that people see after surgery? And I know, like, what a patient considers a good result can be very different depending upon what they've been led to believe is a good result afterwards. And how do you manage that?19:30 Ricardo Morcos
I think it's really important, especially, to have a personalised discussion with your consultant, with your doctor, because every patient is different. In general, we have two main types of surgery, like resective surgery (that means removing one part of the brain), or…19:45 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.
19:45 Ricardo Morcos
…laser. Laser right now has very specific indication…
Seizure Freedom, Medication Reduction & Quality of Life
19:48 Ricardo Morcos
…so we will talk about resective surgery. The best case scenario would be like a temporal lobe epilepsy with something that is called hippocampal sclerosis, like, it's scarring in a structure, very small structure that is called [the] hippocampus, that is very important for memory.
20:04 Torie Robinson
Deep down there!
20:04 Ricardo Morcos
But it's also, deep down in the brain, it’s also really, is once of one of the most common causes of epilepsy, because it's always very active. And in those cases, with everything, all the tests are concordant and we have an epilepsy coming from the hippocampus, it could be up to 70% of seizure freedom in the first year after surgery. So this is the best-case scenario in epilepsy surgery.
20:31 Torie Robinson
Mm-hmm.
20:31 Ricardo Morcos
And when we follow up [with] those patients during/up to 10 years, still more than 50% are seizure free. We have a certain percentage to be seizure-free and we give another percentage of significantly improved seizure control (but not being seizure freedom). And all those numbers, you have to discuss with your clinician. And beyond seizure control, many people after [surgery] report improvement in mood, improving cognition, and as we mentioned again, the SUDEP risk is significantly reduced, yeah.
21:06 Torie Robinson
Yeah.
21:06 Ricardo Morcos
In terms of anti-seizure medications - that is a common question - the majority of the people keep [on] anti-seizure medications after surgery, but we might be able to lower the dose or significantly reduce the amount of anti-seizure medication. And, there is a percentage of people (like, around 30%), if they are truly seizure-free, after a couple of years, we can even stop [their] anti-seizure medication(s).
21:30 Torie Robinson
See how it goes. I guess you'll always be monitoring it, and do it very, very slowly as well, right.
21:35 Ricardo Morcos
Exactly.21:36 Torie Robinson
I know two other people - in addition to myself - who've had a temporal lobectomy, and they're both - and I - are still on the medication, but it's still, we believe, totally worth doing because it's improved quality of life so significantly. My neurologist said way back, I don't know if I've told you this, but he said to me - he knew me very well - and he said “Your life expectancy isn't that great, would you consider surgery?” And I so appreciated that. And I think more clinicians need to say that, because I wonder if more people like myself would actually say “Oh my god, I think I’m going to take this a bit more seriously now! Yes, I will consider surgery.”.
22:11 Ricardo Morcos
Yeah, this is important, and it's also important to know that there is a pathway for people…22:16 Torie Robinson
Yes!
22:16 Ricardo Morcos
…there's a route for people that are not candidates for surgery. We now have neuromodulation, we have new drugs coming on, we have clinical trials available in all major countries in Europe, in the US, in Australia, in many other countries, in Latin America. You have to ask your clinician about what's available in your country. And there are many options even for patients that are not suitable for surgery right now.
Empowering Clinicians & Patients to Ask About Surgery
22:44 Torie Robinson
Yeah, I would encourage any patients or families listening, please take this episode to your clinician, whether it's your GP/physician, whether it's your neurologist (because not all neurologists even know about this stuff either) and to say, actually, “What about me for this or for my loved one? Would this be a good idea?”. And if you're a clinician and you're like “I don't know about any of this, and it sounds a bit scary almost, would I even consider this for my patient?”, please just read more into it. It's becoming much, much more common because it's so safe to have these surgeries now, and increases life expectancy in so many cases and increases quality of life in so many cases.23:21 Ricardo Morcos
Exactly. And the big message is: you're not alone. We are a team. This is a complex pathway for everyone. There are many associations like we have here BrainBuddy in the UK, the Epilepsy Society… but there are many associations of patients that also bring support to people, give support to people that are going through this epilepsy surgery management pathway, and yeah, ask and don't be afraid to ask about surgery and to discuss with your doctors and your family about it.Working Together for the Epilepsies
23:53 Torie Robinson
I've experienced much more pain in hand surgery than I did in brain surgery. No joke.23:57 Ricardo Morcos
Haha, yeah!23:59 Torie Robinson
Or with a migraine!
23:59 Ricardo Morcos
Yeah. Yeah.
23:59 Torie Robinson
It was way more painful than brain surgery. And we're not saying it's not suitable for everybody, but there are many, many choices. If you look again at your “tube map”, the pathway, which will be on the website as well. So check it out - that there are, as you say, other options. It's not just about scooping out a dodgy bit of your brain, there are other things too that can be used in many cases to improve quality of life of people with an epilepsy.
Final Thoughts
24:23 Torie Robinson
Thank you for watching! Don’t forget to like, subscribe, and share this episode with colleagues, friends, or family - whether you’re a clinician, a researcher, a caregiver, or somebody living with an epilepsy.
Check out Ricardo’s “tube map” of the epilepsy surgery pathway on our website (link below) - it is a clear and empowering visual for understanding and discussing options in the epilepsies.
Explore more Epilepsy Sparks Insights episodes for hopeful, evidence-based conversations from leaders in the field. And let us know your thoughts or experiences in the comments - we do love hearing from professionals, caregivers, and people with lived experience alike!
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